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TEXAS STATUTES AND CODES
CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE
TITLE 4. LIABILITY IN TORT
CHAPTER 75. LIMITATION OF LANDOWNERS' LIABILITY
75.001. Definitions
In this chapter:
(1) "Agricultural land" means land that is located in this state and that is
suitable for:
(A) use in production of plants and fruits grown for human or animal consumption, or
plants grown for the production of fibers, floriculture, viticulture, horticulture, or
planting seed;
(B) forestry and the growing of trees for the purpose of rendering those trees into
lumber, fiber, or other items used for industrial, commercial, or personal consumption; or
(C) domestic or native farm or ranch animals kept for use or profit.
(2) "Premises" includes land, roads, water, watercourse, private ways, and
buildings, structures, machinery, and equipment attached to or located on the land, road,
water, watercourse, or private way.
(3) "Recreation" means an activity such as:
(A) hunting;
(B) fishing;
(C) swimming;
(D) boating;
(E) camping;
(F) picnicking;
(G) hiking;
(H) pleasure driving;
(I) nature study, including bird-watching;
(J) cave exploration;
(K) waterskiing and other water sports; or
(L) any other activity associated with enjoying nature or the outdoors.
(4) "Governmental unit" has the meaning assigned by Section 101.001.
75.002. Liability Limited
(a) An owner, lessee, or occupant of agricultural land:
(1) does not owe a duty of care to a trespasser on the land; and
(2) is not liable for any injury to a trespasser on the land, except for wilful or wanton
acts or gross negligence by the owner, lessee, or other occupant of agricultural land.
(b) If an owner, lessee, or occupant of agricultural land gives permission to another or
invites another to enter the premises for recreation, the owner, lessee, or occupant, by
giving the permission, does not:
(1) assure that the premises are safe for that purpose;
(2) owe to the person to whom permission is granted or to whom the invitation is extended
a greater degree of care than is owed to a trespasser on the premises; or
(3) assume responsibility or incur liability for any injury to any individual or property
caused by any act of the person to whom permission is granted or to whom the invitation is
extended.
(c) If an owner, lessee, or occupant of real property other than agricultural land gives
permission to another to enter the premises for recreation, the owner, lessee, or
occupant, by giving the permission, does not:
(1) assure that the premises are safe for that purpose;
(2) owe to the person to whom permission is granted a greater degree of care than is owed
to a trespasser on the premises; or
(3) assume responsibility or incur liability for any injury to any individual or property
caused by any act of the person to whom permission is granted.
(d) Subsections (a), (b), and (c) shall not limit the liability of an owner, lessee, or
occupant of real property who has been grossly negligent or has acted with malicious
intent or in bad faith.
(e) In this section, "recreation" means, in addition to its meaning under
Section 75.001, the following activities only if the activities take place inside a
facility owned, operated, or maintained by a municipality:
(1) hockey and in-line hockey; and
(2) skating, in-line skating, roller-skating, skateboarding, and roller- blading.
(f) Subsection (e) limits the liability of a municipality only for those damages arising
directly from a recreational activity described in Subsection (e) but does not limit the
liability of a municipality for gross negligence or acts conducted in bad faith or with
malicious intent.
(g) Any municipality that owns, operates, or maintains a facility in which the
recreational activities described in Subsection
(e) are conducted shall post and maintain a clearly readable sign in a clearly visible
location on or near the building. The sign shall contain the following warning language:
WARNING
TEXAS LAW (CHAPTER 75, CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE) LIMITS THE LIABILITY OF A
MUNICIPALITY THAT OWNS, OPERATES, OR MAINTAINS A FACILITY IN WHICH HOCKEY, IN-LINE HOCKEY,
SKATING, IN-LINE SKATING, ROLLER-SKATING, SKATEBOARDING, OR ROLLER-BLADING ARE CONDUCTED
FOR DAMAGES ARISING DIRECTLY FROM SUCH RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES.
75.003. Application and Effect of Chapter
(a) This chapter does not relieve any owner, lessee, or occupant of real property of
any liability that would otherwise exist for deliberate, wilful, or malicious injury to a
person or to property.
(b) This chapter does not affect the doctrine of attractive nuisance, except that the
doctrine may not be the basis for liability of an owner, lessee, or occupant of
agricultural land for any injury to a trespasser over the age of 16 years.
(c) Except for a governmental unit, this chapter applies only to an owner, lessee, or
occupant of real property who:
(1) does not charge for entry to the premises;
(2) charges for entry to the premises, but whose total charges collected in the previous
calendar year for all recreational use of the entire premises of the owner, lessee, or
occupant are not more than:
(A) twice the total amount of ad valorem taxes imposed on the premises for the previous
calendar year; or
(B) four times the total amount of ad valorem taxes imposed on the premises for the
previous calendar year, in the case of agricultural land; or
(3) has liability insurance coverage in effect on an act or omission described by Section
75.004(a) and in the amounts equal to or greater than those provided by that section.
(d) This chapter does not create any liability.
(e) Except as otherwise provided, this chapter applies to a governmental unit.
(f) This chapter does not waive sovereign immunity.
(g) To the extent that this chapter limits the liability of a governmental unit under
circumstances in which the governmental unit would be liable under Chapter 101, this
chapter controls.
(h) In the case of agricultural land, an owner, lessee, or occupant of real property who
does not charge for entry to the premises because the individuals entering the premises
for recreation are invited social guests satisfies the requirement of Subsection (c)(1).
§ 75.004. Limitation on Monetary Damages for Private Landowners
(a) Subject to Subsection (b), the liability of an owner, lessee, or occupant of agricultural land used for recreational purposes for an act or omission by the owner, lessee, or occupant relating to the premises that results in damages to a person who has entered the premises is limited to a maximum amount of $500,000 for each person and $1 million for each single occurrence of bodily injury or death and $100,000 for each single occurrence for injury to or destruction of property. In the case of agricultural land, the total liability of an owner, lessee, or occupant for a single occurrence is limited to $1 million, and the liability also is subject to the limits for each single
occurrence of bodily injury or death and each single occurrence for injury to or destruction of property stated in this subsection.
(b) This section applies only to an owner, lessee, or occupant of agricultural land used for recreational purposes who has liability insurance coverage in effect on an act or omission described by Subsection (a) and in the amounts equal to or greater than those provided by Subsection (a). The coverage may be provided under a contract of insurance or other plan of insurance authorized by statute. The limit of liability insurance coverage applicable with respect to agricultural land may be a combined single limit in the amount of $1 million for each single occurrence.
(c) This section does not affect the liability of an insurer or insurance plan in an action under Article 21.21, Insurance Code, or an action for bad faith conduct, breach of fiduciary duty, or negligent failure to settle a claim.
(d) This section does not apply to a governmental unit.
Amended in 1997, 1999.
Reviewed by AAHS in July 2001.
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